Vlad Sofronie, Ideea de stat în Bizanţ şi Occident până în epoca cruciadelor
The State Idea in Byzantium and Western Europe until the Age of Crusades
In this essay I try to deal with the differences between the idea of state the two Christianities developed after Rome fall, the notion of the political ruling of the world, the different development the two Christianities had known through the passing of time, the distinct progress, the nationality, the power symbols, and the role had by the two churches. Byzantium had a strong and well outlined state order and church hierarchy. The emperor was the defensor pacis in the community. In Western Europe the feudal system is ruling the relations between different partners. The senior and the liege have both commitments and rights. The vassal has a clearer independence because he can every moment riot against his senior. There were big and concrete differences between the two Christian worlds. The Byzantine political order and hierarchy are something completely new for the feudal western world. The state idea had been lost there, once Rome had fallen, in 476. That’s one of the main reasons which led to the later confrontation between the two Christianities in the age of the crusades.
Keywords: basileus, Christianities, state, nationality, pax romana, aristocracy, feudal system.
Sources
- Appien, Histoire romaine, ed. Paul Goukowski, 1997.
- Bernard, de Clairvaux, De Consideratione. Book of Ceremonies, London, 1982.
- Choniates, Niketas, Historia, ed. J. Dieten, Berlin, 1975.
- Odo, de Deuil, La croisade de Loius VII. roi de France, ed. Henry Waquet, Paris, 1949.
Specialized Works
- Ahrweiler, Hélène, Ideologia politică a Imperiului bizantin, Bucureşti, 2002.
- Alexander, P.J., The Strength of Empire and Capital seen through Byzantine Eyes, în: Speculum, 37, 1962, p. 343-372.
- Baynes, N., The Supernatural Defenders of Constantinople, în: Byzantine Studies and other essays, London, 1960, p. 248-260.
- Beck, Hans Georg, Ideen und Realitaeten in Byzanz, Berlin, London, 1972.
- Benson, Robert, Political Renovatio: Two Models from Roman Antiquity. Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelth Century, Cambridge, 1982.
- Bréhier, Louis, Vie et mort de Byzance, Paris, 1948.
- Brezeanu, Stelian, Ideea de Imperiu în Occidentul medieval în lumina cercetǎrilor din ultimele decenii, în: Revista de istorie, nr. 2, 1978, p. 273-298.
- Brezeanu Stelian, Imperiu universal şi monarhie naţională în Europa creştină, Bucureşti, 2005.
- Brezeanu, Stelian, O istorie a Bizanţului, Bucureşti, 2005.
- Buisson, Luc, Eroberrecht Vasallität und byzantinisches Staatsrecht auf dem ersten Kreuzzug, în: Berichte aus den Sitzungen der Joachim Jungius Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Hamburg, 1985, p. 62-87.
- Dölger, Franz, Rom in der Gedankenwelt der Byzantiner, în: Franz Dölger, Byzanz und die europäische Staatenwelt, 1953, p. 70-123.
- Dölger, Franz, Byzanz und das Abendland vor den Kreuzzügen, în: Relazioni del X. Congresso Internazionale die scienze storiche, Roma, 1955, p. 67-112.
- Erdmann, Carl, Die Entstehung des Kreuzzuggedankens, Stuttgart, 1935.
- Flori, Jean, Chevaliers et chevalerie au Moyen Âge, Paris, 1998.
- Folz, Robert, L’idée d’Empire en Occident du Ve au XIVe siècle, Paris, 1957.
- Foss, Clive, Rome and Byzantium, Oxford, 1977.
- Guillou, André, La Civilisation byzantine, Paris, 1990.
- Hehl, Ernst Dieter, Was ist ein Kreuzzug?, în: Historische Zeitschrift, 259, 1994, p. 297-336.
- Hiestand, Rudolf, Gott will es!-Will es Gott wirklich? Die Kreuzzugsidee in der Kritik ihrer Zeit, Stuttgart, 1998.
- Jenkins, J.H., Byzantium. The Imperial Centuries, London, 1966.
- Lemerle, P., Byzance et la croisade, în: “Relazioni del X Congresso Internazionale die scienze storiche, III, Firenze, 1955, p. 595-621.
- Painter, S., Western Europe on the Eve of the Crusades, în: Crusades, Philadelphia, 1982, p.18-29.
- Pall, Francisc, Crestomaţie de istorie universală medie, Partea I.Evul mediu timpuriu, Bucureşti, 1970.
- Runciman, Steven, A History of the Crusades, I.-III., Cambridge, 1957.
