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Morminte cu echipament militar din orizontul II al necropolei de la Alba Iulia – stația de salvare (1979-1981)

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Graves With Military Equipment From The Second Horizon Of Alba Iulia-Stația De Salvare Necropolis (1979-1981)

This paper focuses on the graves belonging to the Magyar warriors that had been discovered within the Alba Iulia-Stația de Salvare necropolis in the period 1979-1981. The urbanistic activities carried out in the funerary area located on the northern part of the fortress consisted of digging the foundation of some apartment buildings. The team, composed of scholars from the National Museum of the Union (M. Blăjan, I. Șerban) and from the Institute of Archaeology and Art History, Cluj-Napoca (Ștefan Pascu), identified in the above mentioned area, alongside the numerous roman and medieval graves, a number of 13 Magyar warriors with their inventory (M. 36, M. 54, M. 298, M. 304, M. 322, M. 392, M. 417, M. 517, M. 537 b, M. 584, M. 630, M. 664 și M. 691). The graves’ description was made in accordance with the digging journals kept in the personal archive of fellow colleague Mihai Blăjan.
More than half of the graves (M. 36, M. 417, M. 304, M. 517, M. 537 b, M. 664 și M. 691) had the sepulchral pit covered and set up with lithic material, custom frequently observed in some cemeteries from Alba Iulia dated in the 10th-11th centuries (Izvorul Împăratului, Str. Brândușei). As regards the equine offering, composed of skull and partial limbs, it was identified in just one warrior grave (M. 630). The funeral inventory recovered was composed of everyday tools and objects (flint, lighter, fold used for sharpening, knives), jewelry (looped rings, rings, bracelets), weaponry (lyre-shaped buckle, quadrangle buckle, chain loops, quivers, arrows, battle axe) and ceramics. All the elements of rites and funeral ritual (the graves’ orientation and the arms’ position, the anatomic position of the ceramic pots laid as offering, the lack of bird/egg offering, the animal offering and its position) allow us to place these graves in the first half of the 10th century. These graves can be linked with the first Magyar warriors that infiltrated the Alba Iulia area during the first decades of the 10th century.
It is almost certain that these warriors were part of the military escort of duke Gyla/Gyula (probably the one that held the position of gyula), an important character of the Magyar staff from Pannonia that established himself in Transylvania and that identified with the autochthonous environment. Gyla rapidly became a dissident that founded a “voivodeship” in the area and reactivated the Christianity via a Byzantine influence. The idea that Hierotheus would have exercised his authority over the Magyars from Pannonia too is out of question, all the more since, particularly, the religious motif meant the beginning of Gyla’s dissidence (sic!). Thus, “Gyla’s voivodeship” or “Terra Gyla” represents the fourth independent political entity from the Romanian area (alongside those of Menumorut, Glad and Gelu) in which Roman, Slavic, Magyar and Byzantine elements co-exist.

Keywords: Alba Iulia, warriors, Transylvania, suite, offering, weaponry, Magyars, Gyla/Gyula.

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